汉语中的“虽然、尽管”对应的25种英语表示法——简版
1.although (不使用倒装结构,可用于句首或句中;句中时有转折含义)
2.though (可以使用半倒装结构,也可不用,句首句中均可;可构成even though, as though短语)
3.while(多用于句首——高考必会)
4.when(多用于句中,上个世纪考过一题)
5.whereas (夸克讲whereas属于正式用法,朗文第五版含义是:但是,却;尽管)
6.even if(麦克米伦词典含义:即使;尽管——似乎把even if记成“即使、即便”更好)
7.even though (麦克米伦词典含义:虽然;尽管——语气超强)
8.in spite of (介词短语,In spite of his serious illness, Tom still came to school.)
9.despite (介词,相当于in spite of结构)
10.regardless of (介词短语,相当于despite——尽管词典这样标注,我还是觉得有点差异)
11.in spite of the fact that (相当于although,觉得有点啰嗦的感觉)
12.despite the fact that (相当于although)
13.much as (英式英语,相当于although,属于倒装了的as的一个搭配,专四常考)
14.as (作为“虽然、尽管”含义的as,必须使用倒装结构,当然倒装结构的as也有“因为”意义)
——以上14种是我们高中英语所常见的内容。
15.after (介词,相当于in spite of)
16.albeit(正式用语,相当于although, even though)
——《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》第50页albeit词条
albeit: conj. formal: even though, although尽管;虽然
She appeared on the show, albeit briefly. 她参加了演出,尽管上场时间很短。
It was an amazing computer, albeit expensive. 这台电脑功能强大,尽管价格昂贵。
17.regardless of the fact that
——所见例句不多,这里给出几个。
《高阶英语语法》(增补本第三版,杜永文编著)第373页
0545 “regardless of the fact that” 通常当作让步状语从句从属连词短语来使用,引导让步状语从句,去修饰主句中的谓语动词;意思是“不顾”、“不管” “虽然”、“不注意”。
He must make the decision regardless of the fact that you are for it or not.
不管你赞成还是反对,他都要做出决定。
He won in the game of tennis regardless of the fact that he was injured.
这场网球比赛,他虽然受伤,但还是赢了。
He went regardless of the fact that the cold wind chilled one to the bone.
不顾寒风刺骨,他还是走了。
18.notwithstanding(高阶英语语法,杜永文讲:介词、副词、从属连词)
notwithstanding(英汉大词典,陆谷孙主编:虽然,结构)
notwithstanding (the fact) that (高阶英语语法,杜永文)
notwithstanding the fact (that) (夸克讲that可省略)
《文馨当代英汉词典》第1263页notwithstanding词条
prep. 虽然,尽管(有时也放在(代)名词之后)
notwithstanding his objecting = his objection notwithstanding尽管他反对
adv. 尽管,仍然(=nevertheless)
conj. (有时与that连用)虽然(= although)(非标准语)
《新时代英汉大词典》张柏然主编第1590页notwithstanding词条
prep. 尽管,虽然
We are determined to go ahead with the project, notwithstanding the difficulties.
尽管有困难,我们还是决心继续实施这一计划。
Such problems notwithstanding, the competition was completed.
虽然有一些问题,比赛还是进行完了。
adv.(无比较级)尽管,还是:
It was raining; but he went out, notwithstanding。
天在下雨,但他还是出门了。
conj. 虽然,尽管:
Notwithstanding that he himself was in trouble, he helped others a great deal.
尽管他自己很困难,却帮了别人很多忙。
19.for all (that) (后接短语或从句)
for all常后接短语,for all that常后接从句——也有人讲for all (that)均可。
20.that (虽然,尽管,与as用法相同,须使用部分倒装结构)
21.whilst(英,正式,连词,相当于while)
22.with all (相当于in spite of结构)
23.if (即使、虽然——多用于正式文体)
24.as much as (美式英语)相当于although
——同义的though可以使用倒装,也可不使用倒装结构。
25.not but that (尽管,虽然;然而还是)
not but what(尽管,虽然;然而还是)
——上面两种表达法均可视为it is not but that的省略用法,but无否定意义。
2017年6月20日